Journal of Business and entrepreneurial

July - September Vol. 6 - 4 - 2022

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e-ISSN: 2576-0971

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Page 69-80

Analysis of corn crop production and marketing in

the Salapi Chico precinct of the Buena Fe canton,

province of Los Ríos.

Análisis de la producción y comercialización del cultivo de

maíz en el Recinto Salapi Chico del cantón Buena Fe,

provincia de Los Ríos

Diana Cadena Miranda

Sandra Muñoz Macías

Yenny Torres Navarrete

Walter Purcachi Aguirre

ABSTRACT

Global requirements for food products demand

increasingly intelligent ways of producing them. Corn

is one of the most important foods for human beings,

since it can be used to make a large number of

preparations, as well as to obtain numerous by-

products. Corn producers in Buena Fe canton face

difficulties, which in some cases do not allow them

to obtain the expected yields. The reality presented

by the farmers varies according to the size of the

property destined to the crop, small, medium and

large producers are subject to economic and

production conditions limited by their conditions. In

the canton there is variability in productivity, due to

the fact that the area has several mechanisms to

promote the crop, without having a clear vision of

the best option. Most producers base their

production systems on technological packages

* Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo,

Quevedo, Ecuador, dcadena@uteq.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-

0001-5708-9737

* Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo,

smunoz@uteq.edu.ec, Quevedo-Ecuador, https://orcid.org/0000-

0002-5348-4817

* Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo,

Quevedo, Ecuador, ytorres@uteq.edu.ec; https://orcid.org/0000-

0003-3056-8708

* Master's Degree, Quevedo State Technical University,

wpurcachi@uteq.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/000-0003-1447-3346

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recommended by commercial agrochemical

companies and, to a lesser extent, on experimental

models derived from or recommended by official

agencies that assume a certain control of production

factors in certain areas.

Keywords: Corn; Agriculture; Productivity.

RESUMEN

Los requerimientos globales por productos alimenticios, demandan cada vez formas más

inteligentes de producirlos. El maíz se ubica entre uno de los alimentos más importantes

para el ser humano, ya que a partir de él se pueden realizar gran cantidad de

preparaciones, así como también pueden obtenerse numerosos productos derivados.

Los productores maiceros del cantón Buena Fe, afrontan dificultades, que en algunos

casos no les permite llegar a obtener los rendimientos esperados. La realidad que

presentan los agricultores varía según la dimensión de la propiedad destinada al cultivo,

pequeños, medianos y grandes productores están sujetos a condiciones económicas y

de producción limitada por sus condiciones. En el cantón existe variabilidad en la

productividad, debido a que la zona presenta varios mecanismos de fomento del cultivo,

sin tener una visión definida sobre la mejor opción. Los productores en su mayoría,

basan sus sistemas de producción amparados en los paquetes tecnológicos

recomendados por casas comerciales de agroquímicos y en menor proporción; por

modelos experimentales derivados o recomendados por organismos oficiales que

suponen cierto control de los factores de producción en determinadas zonas.

Palabras clave: Maíz; Agricultura; Productividad.

INTRODUCTION

In Ecuador, corn is one of the most important agricultural products in the national

economy. It is the main raw material for the production of concentrated feed (balanced)

for the animal industry, especially for commercial poultry farming, which is one of the

most dynamic activities in the agricultural sector. An average of 717,940 mt of dry yellow

corn and 43,284 mt of soft corn are produced annually, and its production is mainly

located in the provinces of Los Ríos, Guayas and Manabí, which together account for

77.34% of the total harvested area.

Corn planting and marketing activities are limited by several factors such as (pricing,

marketing systems), which prevent achieving better production levels, being one of the

biggest problems faced by small and medium producers, resulting in low profitability in

their production.

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This research work aims to evaluate the productive and commercial dynamics built from

the influence of a combination of circumstances and a multiplicity of agents, local,

regional and sometimes even external, which have promoted the cultivation of this grass,

and in some cases have not had very positive effects, such as the high dependence of

farmers on input suppliers, credit institutions, in the context of the Salapí Chico area,

Buena Fe canton, province of Los Ríos.

Corn production is an agricultural activity of great importance for the strengthening of

the producers' economy, in which it is necessary to technify the process, establish an

adequate cost control in production, optimizing resources and regulating the movement

in the productive cycles to determine the profitability of the crop.

This study aims to establish the profitability of the corn crop under two corn marketing

modalities. It is essential for producers to market their production directly in order to

obtain a good price and thus achieve higher income.

Corn is an agricultural product that has great importance in the national GDP as well as

having a strong social impact because in this context it is important to note that most of

the total production is given by family farming units, which are of scarce resources.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the process of production and

commercialization of the corn crop in the Salapí Chico area of the Buena Fe canton,

Province of Los Ríos.

To this end, we will: establish the corn crop production system and the characteristics

of the commercialization of baby corn (corncob) and hard corn (dry).

Origin of corn

Corn or Zea mays according to its scientific name is a gramineae plant, which means

that it has a cylindrical stalk and long, thick leaves, its height ranges from one to three

meters high. Corn can also be popularly known as choclo (which would be specifically

the fruit of the plant) or olote depending on the region of Latin America. (Mena &

Ramírez, 2014).

Characteristics of corn production in Ecuador.

Ecuador maintains a wide range of agricultural products, which serve both for domestic

consumption and for the country's exportable supply; in this context, corn production

in Ecuador is considered one of the most important in the agricultural sector, since in

addition to being destined for consumption by the population and for export; other

industries also use it for the production of animal feed, for the production of beverages

and the production of biofuels. In this context, among the provinces with the highest

corn production at the national level are Los Ríos, Manabí, Guayas and Loja, as stated in

his study (García, 2019).

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According to the information shared (Villalta, 2019) for 2019, production in Ecuador is

projected to increase to 1.3 million tons of corn. In recent years, the country has been

increasing its production levels of the cereal, but it is still in deficit. Between January and

February of this year, 200,000 tons were imported. Corn productivity is 5.6 tons per

hectare, but the intention is to increase it to 7 tons per hectare. Around 250,000

hectares of corn are planted in the country and there are 60,000 corn growers in the

provinces of Manabí, Los Ríos, Guayas and Loja.

Contextualizing more specifically; in the province of Los Ríos, seven cantons,

concentrate 87% of the area planted with corn,; there are about 80,914 ha of corn, with

a productivity that, in terms of yields, fluctuates between 1.5 tons/ hectare at the level

of small farmers; that is, making use of traditional technology and 3.7 t ha-1 at the

technified level, under one of the best soil and climatic conditions of the national

territory; suitable soils and a high consumer market have made this crop one of the most

significant items for small producers. Direct sales to agribusinesses are not a numerically

predominant practice among maize growers. The 91% of the product sold is marketed

through intermediaries, 2% goes directly to industrial processors and 2% to exporters,

according to the work presented in their work by (Campo, 2017).

(Lopez, 2019)in his research, states that the cultivation of corn involves a series of steps

necessary to achieve its harvest. From planting and subsequent harvesting, to the sale to

intermediaries or the final consumer, which requires several factors that directly affect

its productivity. Soil research, plowing techniques, seed quality or the frequency of

fertilizer and herbicide application, are components that determine the efficiency of the

production processes of the good, therefore, not applying the aforementioned

parameters, in an adequate manner, can reduce the cereal harvest among farmers. also

points out that the technical support to farmers becomes vital to ensure the efficiency

of the economic operation. The aim of this advice is to ensure that the production of a

given good does not suffer from inconveniences that, if there were technical preparation

in this respect, would not occur. In conclusion, what López explains in his study is that

the experience that the professional agronomist or the state, through its public

institutions, can transmit to the small or medium farmer becomes imperative in the corn

activity, managing to reduce the risk of crop loss.

In order to guarantee corn production, producers rely on various suppliers, including

ECUAQUIMICA and Agripac. Similarly, partnerships with suppliers of fertilizers and

agrochemicals were expanded, thus contributing to a significant increase in corn

production on a national scale, guaranteeing to satisfy more than 80% of the raw material

for the production of balanced feed, as expressed by, (Cadena, Macías, Barrios, &

ALcívar, 2017)..

One of the government's contributions to corn producers, especially small and medium-

sized producers, is the high-yield seed plan, which seeks to give hard corn farmers of

less than 10 hectares access to a high-yield technology package that includes, in addition

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to certified seeds, compound soil fertilizers and appropriate phytosanitary products.

(Alvarado, 2016)

The operational mechanism of the plan consists of covering the average price difference

between a traditional technological package normally purchased by the small producer

and a high-yield technological package that has a cost that fluctuates between US$ 440

to US$ 600 per hectare in the case of corn, and between US$ 440 to US$ 500 in the

case of rice. (Avilés, 2015).

Among the benefits provided by this high yield seed plan, we can mention the fact of

acquiring a High Yield technological package at commercial prices lower than the retail

price of any commercial house, and thus the farmer benefits from a subsidy of $214 per

hectare of corn with a ceiling of 10 hectares, as well as the fact of receiving free technical

assistance from MAG, which will allow applying the technological package optimally,

which ultimately results in achieving high corn yields that will contribute to improve the

income of farmers. (Aconda, 2012)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Descriptive research was applied when describing the population, situation or

phenomenon around which the study is focused. It seeks to provide information about

the what, how, when and where, related to the research problem. This type of research

allowed a proper analysis of the corn population of the Salapi area, which served to

determine the characteristic profile of its production and commercialization.

For the present work, applied research was used in order to make appropriate use of

the information obtained in order to disseminate the results for the benefit of the corn

producers in the study area.

The research work corresponds to a non-experimental design that was based on the

collection of data with surveys elaborated according to the objective, which sought to

know the production data, profitability of farmers in the area.

Population

In the Salapí Chico precinct of the Buena Fe canton, there are 15 corn producers

between those dedicated to producing hard and soft corn, of which 9 are dedicated to

growing hard corn and 6 to growing soft corn, which make up the total population to

be investigated.

Observation: By means of this technique, the study phenomenon was observed directly,

which allowed the collection of the necessary information for its subsequent analysis.

Survey: This technique allowed us to collect the necessary data on the object of study

and thus achieve the proposed objectives. The survey was applied to 15 corn producers

in the Salapí Chico precinct of the Buena Fe canton in the province of Los Ríos, between

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small and medium-sized producers, of which 9 are mostly dedicated to harvesting hard

corn, and 6 are more dedicated to harvesting baby corn or corn.

RESULTS

It is evident that 67% of the corn growers surveyed are small producers, that is, with

areas of less than 10 hectares, and 33% of those surveyed have extensions of between

11 and 50 hectares, concerning the labor used by the corn producers surveyed,

indicating that 53% use hired labor, that is, people who are dedicated to work in the

field, but who do not belong to the producer's family, 33% use family labor and a last

percentage of 14% use both family and hired labor, Unfortunately, in these cases the

producers handle the issue of accounting records in an extremely empirical way,

however, it can be positively observed that 67% are doing it, 60% of the producers

expressed that if they prepare the soil prior to planting, they do it mechanically, and 40%

do it in a traditional or manual way.

Of the three options presented, manual sowing is the most used, with 40% of corn

growers using it, 33% use mixed sowing, i.e. a combination of manual and mechanical

sowing, and 27% use a type of mechanical sowing. Weed control is carried out by 100%

of the farmers surveyed. Table 6 shows that 73% of the producers surveyed use

chemicals for weed control, while 20% do it manually, and a small 7% do it in a mixed

way, 100% of the producers surveyed carry out pest control activities, which is logical

because these represent a high risk for the production process, harvesting is carried out

by 60% of the producers surveyed mechanically and 40% do it manually. Transportation

becomes an essential variable in the commercialization process, since this is what allows

the products to reach the potential client. In the case of the population under study, the

form of transportation used by the surveyed corn growers shows that 60% use their

own vehicle, while 40% rent one.

According to the analysis of the results obtained from this study, corn producers in

Salapí Chico, Cantón Buena Fe, province of Los Ríos, corn production in this sector is

primarily carried out by small and medium-sized producers, since 65% of those surveyed

work with areas of less than 10 hectares, which establishes a relationship with what is

expressed by the (MAG, 2012)This is in line with what was expressed by the Ecuadorian

Institute of Agriculture, which states that the production of hard corn in Ecuador

represents an important item that boosts family economies, mainly in rural areas.

In turn, we can say that corn production in Ecuador and particularly in the province of

Los Ríos is carried out through a semi-technified system. This system is based on the

use of certified seeds and mechanized labor, as stated in the "Guía para la producción

de maizera" (Guide for the production of corn in the province of Los Ríos). (Villavicencio

& Zambrano, 2014). in its "Guide for the production of Hard Yellow Corn in the Central

Zone of the Ecuadorian Littoral".

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Undoubtedly, there is no perfect recipe for corn production, since inputs and plant care

tasks must be carried out according to the required needs, which in some cases forces

producers to consume additional inputs to improve crops and yields, contrary to what

is stated in the (MAG, 2013)In the case of corn, a high-yield technology package will

increase the yield of corn production from an average of 3.5 metric tons per hectare to

more than 6 metric tons per hectare.

The yields achieved by the corn producers of the Salapí Chico site in the Buena Fe canton

are a reflection of the use of adequate management techniques, ratifying what was said

by (Cedeño, 2010) who states that grain yield per unit area could be achieved with the

use of hybrid seeds with high grain production capacity and the application of efficient

technological management of the crop.

Of the producers surveyed, 40% do not keep production cost records, which contradicts

the statement by (Govea & Urdaneta, 2011). who states that the fundamental objective

of production cost planning is the prior determination of the indispensable expenses to

obtain a given volume of production with the required quality.

67% of the corn producers surveyed carry out soil analysis prior to production work,

which is in line with what was stated by (INFOAGRO, n.d.) The soil preparation is the

step prior to planting and it is recommended to plow the land with a harrow so that the

soil is loose and capable of having a certain capacity to capture water without

waterlogging. The soil is intended to be spongy, especially the surface layer where

planting is to take place.

Of the producers who carry out soil preparation, 60% do it mechanically and 40% do it

in a traditional or manual way, concomitant with what is explained by the (Central

American Agricultural Council, 2017). The soil preparation process is carried out in

three ways: zero tillage or direct sowing, minimum or reduced tillage and mechanical or

conventional tillage, and also with moldboard plowing with a working depth of 30 to 40

cm. During tillage operations, the soil must be free of plant remains (stubble), as

indicated by (INFOAGRO, n.d.).

In the case of the surveyed producers, 40% carry out planting manually while 27% use

zero-tillage technology; there are also 33% that carry out this activity in a mixed way,

that is, they use both techniques. (Villalobos & Fereres, 2017). who indicates that planting

can be done manually or mechanized.

The fertilization work is carried out by 100% of the surveyed producers, in terms of

application it can be seen that 13% do it at the beginning of the plantation and 87% do it

during the development of the plant, which is in agreement with what was stated by

(INFOAGRO, s.f.) which indicates that corn needs certain quantities of mineral elements

for its development. Deficiencies in the plant are manifested when some mineral nutrient

is in excess or deficiency. Soil fertilization rich in P and K is recommended. It is also

recommended to provide more nitrogen N, especially during the vegetative growth

period.

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Weed control is carried out by 100% of the producers surveyed, of which 73% use

chemicals for weed control, while 20% do it manually, and a small 7% do it in a mixed

way, which is congruent with what is stated when it indicates that when implementing

weed control strategies it is important to consider the following aspects: particular

knowledge of the weed species that interact with the crop, the timing of weed control,

and the time of weed control. (Castro, Portillo, & Cruz, 2020). when indicating that

when implementing weed control strategies it is important to consider the following

aspects: particular knowledge of the weed species that interact with the crop, the time

of greatest incidence of weeds in the crop, the losses caused by them, the type of crop

in rotation and the degree of coverage by residues of the previous crop.

100% of the surveyed producers have some inconvenience during marketing, which

according to them are usually due to the price they receive for the sale of corn, as well

as access to transportation and the qualification of the grain, which is antipodal to what

is stated in the following statement (Baca G. , 2010) who indicates that marketing is the

activity that allows the producer to deliver a good or service to the consumer with the

benefits of time and place, and also notes that good marketing is the one that places the

product in the right place and at the right time, to give the consumer the satisfaction he

expects with the purchase.

Regarding the product sales destination, in the case of the surveyed producers, 60% sell

corn in the collection centers, 20% in the input houses, 13% sell to exporters and the

remaining 7% to associations, which is in agreement with what is revealed by (Mankiw,

2008)This is in line with what is revealed by the company when it states that marketing

is the planning and control of goods and services to promote the proper development

of the product and ensure that the product requested is in the place, at the time, price

and quantity required, thus guaranteeing profitable sales.

CONCLUSIONS

Sixty-seven percent of those surveyed have planting areas of less than 10 hectares, so

most of them can be considered small producers. In the case of the surveyed producers,

40% carry out planting manually, while 27% use zero tillage technology; there are also

33% who carry out this activity in a mixed way, i.e., they use both techniques.

Fertilization is carried out by 100% of the farmers surveyed, and 13% apply it at the

beginning of planting and 87% apply it during the development of the plant. Weed control

is carried out by 100% of the producers surveyed, of which 73% use chemicals for weed

control, while 20% do it manually, and a small 7% do it in a mixed way.

100% of the producers surveyed had problems during marketing, which, according to

them, are usually due to the price they receive for the sale of corn, as well as access to

transportation and grain grading, and this occurs in the marketing of both soft and hard

corn.

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Dry-hard corn producers, who use an indirect marketing channel, i.e. sell to exporters,

supply houses and trading houses.

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