Journal of Business and entrepreneurial
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Education and development for entrepreneurs in
the canton of Atacames
Educación y desarrollo a emprendedores del cantón
Atacames
Emma Angelina Salazar Tuarez
*
ABSTRACT
Accounting and tax education provides the necessary
knowledge for the development of entrepreneurs. In this
sense, this research was oriented to analyze the fulfillment
of accounting and tax duties in order to describe the needs
required to strengthen the tax education of entrepreneurs
in the parish of Atacames canton. Methodologically it is a
descriptive study, with an exploratory scope, using a
sample of 296 entrepreneurs surveyed and a review of the
tax regime for microenterprises. As a result of the
characterization of the entrepreneurs, all of them are not
registered with the Internal Revenue Service; the largest
number of entrepreneurs have Ruc, they are not required
to keep accounting records, the type of business is
commercial, the time in operation is more than four years,
they did not know about tax laws, they do not keep
records of income and expenses, a few have workers in
their business, a minimum number of workers are affiliated
to social security. In conclusion, the entrepreneurs were
interested in receiving training in accounting and tax issues,
in addition to learning about tax regulations to comply with
their tax obligations.
Keywords: Education and development, accountant,
taxation, entrepreneur.
*
Master in Business Administration, Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres
de Esmeraldas, emma.salazar@utelvt.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
8689-7274
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RESUMEN
La educación contable y tributaria facilita los conocimientos necesarios para el desarrollo
de los emprendedores. En este sentido, la presente investigación se orientó analizar el
cumplimiento de los deberes contables y tributarios con la finalidad de describir las
necesidades que requerían para fortalecer la educación tributaria de los emprendedores
de la parroquia del cantón Atacames. Metodológicamente es un estudio descriptivo, con
un alcance exploratorio, se utilizó una muestra de 296 emprendedores encuestados y
una revisión del régimen impositivo para microempresas. Como resultado en la
caracterización de los emprendedores todos no están registrados en el Servicios de
Rentas Internas; el mayor número de emprendedores tiene Ruc, no están obligados a
llevar contabilidad, el tipo de negocio es comercial, el tiempo funcionando más de cuatro
años, desconocían sobre leyes tributarias, no llevan registro de ingresos y egresos, unos
pocos cuentan con trabajadores en su negocio, una cantidad mínima de los trabajadores
están afiliados al seguro social. En conclusión, los emprendedores estuvieron interesados
en recibir capacitaciones en temas contable y tributario, además de conocer la normativa
tributaria para el cumplimiento de sus deberes tributarios.
Palabras clave: Educación y desarrollo, contable, tributación, empresario.
INTRODUCTION
Education and accounting development for entrepreneurs to strengthen their tax
knowledge, in order to enable them to comply with their formal duties with the tax
administration, aimed at providing training, technical advice, support and follow-up to
entrepreneurs and traders on accounting and tax issues, for the proper development of
their business activities.
The main difficulties identified for the formalization of micro-entrepreneurs' businesses
are due to the fact that they do not record economic facts, have poor inventory
management and are unaware of the real consequences of a labor lawsuit. (Jaramillo et
al., 2020, p167).
According to reports from international organizations such as the World Bank,
microenterprises are currently becoming important economic actors in promoting the
development of the communities to which they belong, since they generate between 40
and 60 percent of self-employment. It is said that a large number of the population
emerges from poverty, obtains a better quality of life and guarantees their employment,
thanks to the profits from this type of business. (Mendoza et al., 2020, p.32).
In general terms, comprehensive business formalization is beneficial for
microentrepreneurs because it improves their productive potential, stimulates
innovation capacity, solves existing problems or needs, prevents penalties and early
closure of companies, becoming a vital tool to increase competitiveness and business
permanence over time. (Jaramillo et al., 2020, p. 56).
Based on the above considerations, according to Toscano et al., (2020) the state,
businessmen and entrepreneurs generate the most jobs in an economy.
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Therefore, it is necessary to point out that according to Ecuador's tax regulations,
individuals who are not required to keep accounting records, which are required to have
a RUC but not to keep full accounting records, according to the tax law until March
2015, these people were considered as informal workers, although they are not required
to keep full accounting records, but by having a RUC they must comply with other
obligations such as keeping records of income and expenses, an action that allows to
show accounts of the economic activity of the individual. (Toscano et al., 2020, p. 45).
The objective of the research is to analyze compliance with accounting and tax duties in
order to describe the needs required to strengthen knowledge with training in tax
education for entrepreneurs in the canton of Atacames. From the constructivist
paradigm, a quantitative and qualitative approach; according to the type of study the
research has a descriptive methodological design with exploratory scope, the techniques
used were survey, direct observation and documentary review. For this purpose, 296
surveys were applied to entrepreneurs; visits were made to the different enterprises to
verify the management of accounting and tax information; a documentary review of the
tax regime for microenterprises in Ecuador, to subsequently provide technical advice,
accompaniment and follow-up to entrepreneurs and traders in accounting and tax
aspects, which allow the proper development of their commercial and productive
activities; as well as compliance with tax obligations. In addition, to strengthen
entrepreneurs and merchants through a continuous process of training and theoretical
and practical education, which will enable them to improve their organizational,
accounting and tax procedures. As a result, most of the merchants required knowledge
in accounting and tax matters. It should be noted that the training and theoretical-
practical training to entrepreneurs were given from November 16 to December 20,
2020.
This study is the result of the project "Training and accounting and tax advice to
entrepreneurs and traders in the parishes of the cantons of Esmeraldas and Atacames in
the province of Esmeraldas (stage 2)". The research allows describing the profile of the
entrepreneurs of the parish of Atacames canton, with reference to the level of tax
education they need for the development of their organizational, accounting and tax
procedures.
Education "is a permanent process that enables the development of the potential of the
human being in a comprehensive manner", where higher education institutions in
commitment to this law must develop learning strategies that enhance and transmit
knowledge, to prepare students in the exercise of the profession or discipline.
(Rodríguez et al., 2020, p. 56)
For González (2021) The tax education programs will consist of a set of measures aimed
at stimulating the level of tax morale of the country's taxpayers. In addition, he points
out that the main problem in taxation is the lack of citizen awareness at the time of
paying taxes. According to Morán, et al, (2016) cited in (Morales, 2019) in Ecuador it
can be analyzed that there is a deep link between the organization and the stakeholders
as generators of economic, social, cultural and environmental development; this in turn
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has allowed to undoubtedly improve lifestyles and build a dignified, healthy and
progressive society in the country.
The search for evidence Flores (2021) among its main objectives is the search to
increase civic awareness, both students and citizens to comply with their fiscal and tax
obligations; in a timely and voluntary manner. In this perspective, Flores, (2021) when
investigating the strategies worked from the NAFs (project of linkage with the
community: Núcleo de Apoyo Fiscal y Tributario) and the Academy, state that the
results obtained allow concluding that in order to promote tax culture, a joint work
between the tax administration, the academy and society is required.
In Ecuador, in order to face the obstacle of lack of knowledge, the academy contributes
with the business sector, considering that according to Armijos (2017) cited in (Morales,
2019) the academic sector should take advantage of this relationship to develop its
teaching, research and linkage functions with the community.
As it points out Polaino & Romillo, (2017) in Ecuador has been conceptualized as linking
the university with society, it is one of the substantive functions of higher education that,
together with academic training and research, has the purpose of solving community
problems, through projects, pre-professional internships, training and other professional
services, which enable communication and effective interaction of the university with its
environment, as well as the integration of theory with the practice of university work in
terms of sustainable social development.
Currently, in the Ecuadorian context, tax collection is considered a primary activity to
generate income according to Velepucha et al. (2021) cited in Ñacata & Monge, (2021),
with the purpose of covering the needs of the population to contribute to its
development.
It should be taken into account that a problem of great interest in the field of the
deduction regime and tax evasion, which often harm the growth and development of
the companies, as well as the country, since it affects the businessman who is formalized
and pays his taxes; the objective was to determine if the effects of the deduction regime
affect tax evasion in the service sector. (Ruiz et al., 2021, p. 43).
As stated in art. 284 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador Paredes &
García (2021) Art. 284 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador states
that economic policy will have the following objectives aligned with tax collection:
- Ensure an adequate distribution of income and national wealth.
- To achieve a balanced development of the national territory, integration between
regions, in the countryside, between the countryside and the city, economically,
socially and culturally.
The primary objective of tax education is to transmit ideas, values and attitudes in favor
of tax responsibility and against fraudulent behavior.... (Liler, 2015, p. 56).
The entrepreneur is the subject capable of taking risks and whose behavior is one of the
reasons why the market is in constant movement.
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Mendoza et al. (2020). On the other hand, according to Formichella, (2004) quoted in
(Espinoza & Espinoza, 2020) an entrepreneurial person is capable of creating, carrying
out his ideas, generating goods and services, assuming risks and facing problems; in
addition, he is an individual who sees opportunities in his environment, and with initiative
manages to create the structure he needs to undertake his project.
According to data available from the Global Entrepreneuship Monitor, Ecuador as of
2017, had the highest rate of early entrepreneurial activity in the region (Espinoza &
Espinoza, 2020).
It should be noted that for Amores & Castillo, (2017) cited in (Andrade et al., 2021) in
Ecuador there is a nourished business mass that reveals the reality of the companies that
generate more contribution to the GDP, which are not micro enterprises; with a
participation of around 22,700 establishments that generate 76% of the sales at national
level, this allows evidencing the permanence with which the micro business sector has
in the market.
It is appropriate to mention Peña (2021) which deals with the study of Tax Awareness
as an alternative to non-compliance with tax obligations by businessmen, mostly
entrepreneurs who, despite having formalized their businesses, are immersed in
informality.
In this sense, we can see that it is necessary to have tax education to generate awareness
and, therefore, tax culture so that citizens and, especially, informal entrepreneurs, do
not commit tax crimes and, therefore, we can understand that taxes are resources
collected by the State as administrator, but in reality these resources will be
redistributed to the population in the provision of public services (such as hospitals,
schools, universities).(Peña, 2021, p. 432).
Linked to the concept, said with the words of Mendoza et al., (2016) concludes that it
is necessary to basically or substantially alter our tax structures and, with them as a
primordial element thereof, the fiscal moral conscience of individuals, it will be necessary
to descend from the beautiful path of theorizations and undertake a more thankless, but
also more necessary and direct task: that of carrying out a broad educational work that
produces those effects and thus raises the absolute and general value of our fiscal
morality.
In the opinion of Rojas & Romero, (2017) companies that innovate or create value with
new ideas for products or services and develop a serious administrative process with
sustainable development are the ones that will manage to remain in the future.
The State seeks that taxpayers comply with their tax obligations, for this reason the
former President of the Republic, Lenín Moreno, proposed the creation of the so-called
Organic Law of Simplicity and Tax Progressivity. This law was published on December
31, 2019 through the First Supplement to the Official Gazette No. 111, and contains the
new Tax Regime for Micro-enterprises. (Balón, 2021, p. 345).
As a complement, the Tax Regime for Micro-companies is a mandatory regime,
applicable to income, value added and special consumption taxes for micro-companies,
including entrepreneurs that comply with the condition of micro-companies as
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established in the Organic Code of Production, Commerce and Investments (COPCI)
and the corresponding Regulation, as long as they do not fall within the limitations
established in the regulation. (Bonín et al., 2021, p. 34).
In relation to this concept, it is worth mentioning that the new tax regime for micro-
enterprises Espinoza & Espinoza (2020) that the new tax regime for microenterprises
came into force on February 13 of this year with the purpose of facilitating the
formalization of enterprises, however, a 2% sales tax represents a factor against
entrepreneurs because this is a percentage that goes on their income, regardless of
whether they generate profit or not. This represents a constant threat and a barrier
when considering legalization.
And in the same way, the Law of Simplification and Progressivity of Taxation (2019) in
its article 97.17 establishes that taxpayers considered as such, including entrepreneurs
that comply with the condition of micro-enterprises, will be subject to the tax regime
for micro-enterprises (Lluvichusca-Guaman et al., 2021, p.231).
The Internal Revenue Service (SRI) issues by resolution lists of cadastres and obligations
to be fulfilled by taxpayers included in the tax regime for micro-enterprises, in addition
the same control entity is in charge of updating the Single Taxpayers Registry (RUC)
with the information of micro-enterprises. (Boada-Martillo et al., 2021, p. 67)
As it expresses Yanza (2021) in comparison to the previous general regime to which
microentrepreneurs belonged, was the change regarding the payment of income tax
within their tax obligations that the Tax Simplification and Progressivity Law placed, since
the change from previously contributing 22% income tax on their net profits and also
being able to deduct their costs and expenses, to now paying 2% tax on their income,
was controversial and in disagreement for those who were included by the IRS in this
regime considering the significant losses that many microentrepreneurs have had due to
the pandemic.
In a similar way Camino & Florencia (2021) I found with the micro-entrepreneurs that
the laws and tax reforms issued by the national government to legalize the activities of
the enterprises developed in Ecuador and formalize the tax obligations to be met from
2018 to 2020, it was evident that these laws in 2018 had an effect of benefiting the
entrepreneur, but in 2020 due to the low sales caused by the measures adopted by the
pandemic of covid-19 and the change in the way of paying income tax, they do not feel
benefited, because before they calculated and paid this tax on profits and now it is done
on the basis of 2% of gross sales.
Analyzes Jimenez (2015) that this new regime has had a great impact on the accounting
area, thus directly affecting very important accounts to be covered, this shows a failure
in the regulations since its main objective is to support the economic part of the
company.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Based on Mendoza & Ramírez (2020) constructivist paradigm, with a quantitative and
qualitative approach; according to the analysis and scope the type of research study has
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a descriptive methodological design with an exploratory level. According to Ferreiro
(2017) the collection instruments to be used is the survey technique and direct
observation; it should be added that the questionnaire structured by twelve questions,
applied to a sample composed of 296 respondents, from the sector of entrepreneurs
located within the Atacames canton of the province of Esmeraldas - Ecuador, specifically
in the parishes Tonchigue, Tonsupa, Súa, Same, Atacames; plus visits to different
businesses to verify the management of accounting and tax information, documentary
review of articles of the tax regime for microenterprises and the web portal of the
Internal Revenue Service (SRI) of Ecuador. training given from November 16 to
December 20, 2020.
It should be added that the research involves the participation of students as surveyors,
advisors, and facilitators in the training given; and the accompaniment of teachers and
tutors from the Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas (UTLVTE),
specifically from the careers of foreign trade, accounting and auditing, administration,
tourism and social work.
RESULTS
Regarding the results obtained from the surveys, what type of tax registration do you use?
49.2% have the Single Taxpayer Registry (RUC), 25.1% are in the Ecuadorian Simplified
Tax System (RISE), and 25.8% have economic activity without being legally registered
with the Internal Revenue Service. In addition, what type of taxpayers? results; according
to those registered with RUC 74.9% are not obliged to keep accounting, 23.1% are
obliged to keep accounting, and 2% are companies/special taxpayers. On the other hand,
what type of business is it? according to the activity; 61.6% are engaged in commercial
activity, 35.4% in services, 3% in industrial activities. Likewise, How long has the business
been in operation, in relation to the years in activity; 39% are businesses of 4 years or
more, 31.5% are from 1 to 3 years, 29.5% are businesses of less than 1 year.
Another point is the answers to the dichotomous questions (Table 1); regarding the
economic activity registered with the Internal Revenue Service (SRI) 66.8% said Yes and
32.2% said No; in the case of knowledge of the tax laws in force in the country, 45.9%
said Yes and 54.1% said No; hence, those who said they keep their income and
expenditure records 49% said Yes and 51% said No; therefore, those who have workers
26.8% said Yes and 73.2% said No; considering those who indicate that they have workers
affiliated to the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS), 10.6% said Yes and 89.4%
said No; as shown in the table, 28.9% said Yes and 71.1% said No; as shown in the table,
have they received training in tax or business matters? 73% said that they would like to
receive training and 27% said Yes and 27% said No; they would also like a UTLVTE
student to accompany them in their activities such as inventories, invoicing, income,
expenses and declarations. 64.5% said Yes and 35.5% said table 1
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Table 1. Questions
Dichotomous questions
YES
%
NO
%
Is your economic activity registered with the Servicio de Rentas
Internas SRI (Internal Revenue Service)?
66,8
32,2
Do you have knowledge of the tax laws in force in the country?
45,9
54,1
Do you keep a record of your income and expenses?
49
51
Do you have employees?
26,8
73,2
Are workers affiliated to IESS?
10,6
89,4
Have you received tax or business training?
28,9
71,1
Would you like to receive training?
73
27
Would you like a UTLVTE student to accompany you in your
activities such as inventories, invoicing, receipts, disbursements
and declarations?
64,5
35,5
Own elaboration
Note: Survey of entrepreneurs and merchants in the canton of Atacames.
This shows that most of the entrepreneurs surveyed require training; therefore, 90% of
the entrepreneurs agreed to receive training. Regarding individual counseling, it was
observed in the visits to the commercial premises that taxpayers registered with the IRS
do not keep accounting records of the income and expenses of their businesses. Taking
into account the response of the entrepreneurs' adaptation, it would be necessary to
provide specific information to each beneficiary according to their needs. Due to the
lack of knowledge of the tax laws in force in the country, they prefer not to register
with the SRI.
The Single Taxpayers Registry is an instrument whose function is to register and identify
taxpayers for tax purposes and provide this information to the Tax Administration. It is
used to carry out any economic activity permanently or occasionally in Ecuador. It
corresponds to the identification number assigned to all those natural persons and/or
companies that are holders of goods or rights for which they must pay taxes.(Registro
Único de Contribuyentes (RUC) - Intersri - Servicio de Rentas Internas, n.d.)
Individuals, corporations and entrepreneurs that meet the conditions of micro-
enterprises as provided in the Organic Code of Production, Commerce and Investments
and the corresponding Regulations, provided they are not within the limitations to the
regime. For the categorization of micro-enterprises, those taxpayers with gross income
of up to three hundred thousand United States of America dollars (USD. 300,000) and
that at the date of generation of the registration have up to nine (9) workers shall be
considered. For such categorization, the amount of income shall prevail over the number
of workers.(Servicio de Rentas Internas, 2020).
Informs that taxpayers subject to the (SRI, 2020) that taxpayers subject to the Tax
Regime for Micro-enterprises must comply with the formal and material duties as
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provided in the tax regulations in force. Failure to comply will be sanctioned in
accordance with the law, these are:
As stated (SRI, 2020) the Tax Regime for Micro-companies applies to income, value
added and special consumption taxes, therefore, taxes not defined for this regime must
be declared in the form and means defined by the corresponding tax law and its
implementing regulations. The following is a summary of the form of filing tax obligations
for taxpayers subject to the tax regime for micro-enterprises:
Table 2. Presentation of tax obligations for taxpayers subject to the tax regime for micro-
enterprises
Tax Liability
Periodicity
Date of
presentation
VAT
Semiannual
January-June: In
July of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
July-December:
In January of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Monthly
Next month of
the fiscal period
declared according
to the ninth digit of
the RUC.
ICE
Semiannual
January-June: In
July of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
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July-December:
In January of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Monthly
Next month of
the fiscal period
declared according
to the ninth digit of
the RUC.
Income Tax
Semiannual
January-June: In
July of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
July-December:
In January of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Annual
Natural person:
until March of the
following fiscal
year.
Companies: until
April of the
following fiscal year
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Income tax
withholdings
at source
Semiannual
January-June: In
July of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
July-December:
In January of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Simplified
Transactional
Schedule
(ATS)
Semiannual
January-June: In
August of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
July-December:
In February of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Monthly
Subsequent
month of the fiscal
period declared
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according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Annex ICE
Semiannual
January-June: In
August of each year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
July-December:
In February of the
following year
according to the
ninth digit of the
RUC.
Monthly
Next month of
the fiscal period
declared according
to the ninth digit of
the RUC.
Source (SRI, 2020)
Emphasizes (Servicio de Rentas Internas, 2020) that if you carry out an activity subject
to the micro-enterprise regime and an activity that is within the limitations, you must
remain in the Micro-enterprise Tax Regime and comply with the formal duties according
to the conditions and form provided for taxpayers subject to this regime; nevertheless,
it should be considered as Tax Regime for Micro-enterprises that at the moment of
determining the Income Tax only the income coming from the economic activity that is
subject to the Tax Regime for Micro-enterprises is subject to the 2% Income Tax rate,
the rest of the income will be subject to Income Tax according to the conditions of the
general regime.
It should be noted that (Servicio de Rentas Internas, 2020) states that individuals who
had been previously included in the Tax Regime for Micro-enterprises may not be
included in the RISE.
In relation to the profile of entrepreneurs in the parishes of Atacames canton, the
surveys allow describing a considerable percentage of entrepreneurs who are registered
with the SRI, mostly with RUC, as well as RISE; it is likely that the number of unregistered
entrepreneurs, with the trainings received as mentioned by Armijos (2017) cited in
Morales (2019) take advantage of the contribution of the academy decide to legalize
their economic activity by registering with the SRI. Although Espinoza & Espinoza (2020)
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consider that the new tax regime for microenterprises means a constant threat and a
barrier when considering legalizing, as it refers to a 2% tax on sales which they consider
represents for entrepreneurs a factor against them because this is a percentage that
goes on their income, regardless of whether they generate profit or not. Moving on to
another aspect, in order for entrepreneurs to comply with the formal duty to keep
accounting or a record of income and expenses (Figure 4), as Peña (2021) states, it is
necessary to have tax education to generate tax awareness and culture.
In another sense, as can be seen in (table 1) the enterprises may not be generating labor
spaces for the employability of the population of the canton, likewise there is evidence
of a small number of workers affiliated to social security, contrasting with what is cited
by Morán, et al, (2016) cited in Morales (2019) that in Ecuador there is a deep link
between the organization and stakeholders as generators of economic development, to
undoubtedly improve lifestyles and build a dignified, healthy and progressive society in
the country.
CONCLUSIONS
Concluding in the process of the study allowed to observe in some cases absence and
inconsistencies in terms of income and expenditure records, it has been possible to
establish the importance of knowledge in accounting and tax education, which allows
the business development of entrepreneurs in the parishes of the Canton Atacames.
Finally, once the training was given, it is worth mentioning the collaboration,
commitment and interest of the beneficiary entrepreneurs, which allowed the students
of the Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeradas (UTLVTE) to provide on-
site advice, support and follow-up on the accounting and tax aspects of their businesses.
It is worth mentioning that the education and development of entrepreneurs is the result
of training in taxation and accounting for business development.
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