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Multicriteria evaluation of the tourist attractions
of the Jimbura parish, Amaluza Canton, Loja-
Ecuador 2020
Evaluación Multicriterio de los atractivos turísticos de la
parroquia Jimbura, Cantón Amaluza, Loja-Ecuador 2020
Sanchez Ruiz Jefferson
*
Larrea Silva Jhohana
*
Pardo Villalta Yomar
*
ABSTRACT
Research has shown that multi-criteria evaluation is a tool that
helps to assess intrinsic and extrinsic criteria so that qualitative
and quantitative approaches are more real when it comes to
attractive tourist evaluations, unlike other methodologies, the
objective of the research is assess each attraction and prioritize
in a hierarchical order when developing tourism planning. Given
the nature of the study, a methodology based on multi-criteria
evaluation was used where it is evaluated through criteria and
qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results of the
investigation showed that the lake system of lagoons of the
Yacuri National Park has the greatest potential for this parish
and that the parishization festival is partly cultural, they are
essential due to their representative characteristics. This
research is strategic for the parish and cantonal government
when planning and developing efforts to develop infrastructure.
Key words: Multi-criteria evaluation, tourist potential, tuorist
attractions, Jimbura parish
RESUMEN
La investigación ha demostrado que la evaluación multicriterio
es una herramienta que ayuda a valorar criterios intrínsecos y
extrínsecos de manera que los enfoques cualitativos y
cuantitativos son más reales a la hora de evaluar atractivos
turísticos, a diferencia de otras metodologías, el objetivo de la
investigación es valorar cada atractivo y priorizar en orden
jerárquico al momento de desarrollar la planificación turística.
Dada la naturaleza del estudio se empleó una metodología en
* Magister en Planificación Territorial y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja, Loja-Ecuador, jefferson.sanchez.bcn@gmail.com,
jjsanchez33@utpl.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-9795
* Magister en Gerencia de proyectos para el desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Loja,
Loja-Ecuador, jhohana.larrea@unl.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-363X
* Magister en Auditoria Integral, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja-Ecuador,
yomarrocio@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3125-1246
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base a la evaluación multicriterio donde se evalúa a través de criterios y de enfoques cualitativos
y cuantitativos. Los resultados de la investigación demostraron que el sistema lacustre de lagunas
del Parque Nacional Yacuri tiene mayor potencial para dicha parroquia y en la parte cultural la
fiesta de parroquialización, son esenciales por sus características representativas. Esta
investigación resulta estratégica para el gobierno parroquial y cantonal a la hora de planificar y
desarrollar esfuerzos en cuanto a desarrollar infraestructura.
Palabras clave: Evaluación multicriterio, atractivos turisticos, potencial turistico, parroquia
Jimbura
INTRODUCTION
As already mentioned in other research, Ecuador in recent years has gone through
various periods in relation to "political, economic, environmental and social changes,
based on the current legal framework, taking as a basis the 2008 Constitution, the
National Plan for Good Living and the New Productive Matrix" Loor Bravo et al. (2018).
In this context for Delgado del Carpio de Escalante (2020) and Rivera Guerrero (2019)
it is of vital importance to develop tourism with a view to sustainable development
through tourism planning. For Rivera Guerrero, the sustainable development of tourism
should be framed in the capacity to satisfy the needs of individuals without putting it at
risk. On the other hand, in the same line, Delgado del Carpio de Escalante, sustainable
development is the use of resources framed in the balance of both the visitor's
experience and the quality of life of the host community and the care of the environment.
In order to develop tourism in the territory at the national, regional and local level, it is
necessary to consider what Razquin (2002) mentions (Quoted in López Palomeque,
2007) the issue of the disjunction that can occur between theory and practice given that
it is necessary to consider the "normative" treatment and the "function of administrative
intervention through which public administrations regulate a certain area of activity with
a certain character of globality and mark the public policies to be developed within these
areas".
For López Franco (2018) and Plumed Lasarte et al., (2018) (Cited by Sanchez Ruiz et al.,
2019, p. 123) state that tourism today has grown at an accelerated rate. Therefore in
this context of tourism planning for Plumed Lasarte et al., 2018, "we must focus from
the edges that promotes tourism in an as yet unplanned space". All this Lopez Franco
mentions that it develops to the extent that the growing demand has become more
demanding and involves developing strategies, methodologies for tourism planning.
Multicriteria Evaluations (MCA) for Joo Nagata & Alvarado Peterson, (2013) and
Barredo (1996) (Cited in Ceballos Silva & López Blanco, 2010, p. 109) mention that they
are important tools for planning. For Nagata & Alvarado Peterson they are a set of
instruments that allow evaluating different alternatives in order to reach concrete
decisions. However, for Barredo, CME is a process based on a set of concepts, models
and methods to describe, evaluate, rank, choose or reject alternatives, based on a
valuation expressed by preference intensities, according to different criteria.
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For Cabello (2017) and Chakhar (2003) (Cited in Ramirez , 2007, p. 36). They deal with
multicriteria decision techniques that constitute a rational and objective tool. Both
authors recognize that the multicriteria matrix allows the decision-maker to compare
different alternatives. For Cabello, it allows a better understanding of the decision
processes underlying systemic processes. Chakhar (2003), however, this procedure or
technique allows the decision-maker to compare different alternatives based on the
weights assigned.
In the same line for Toskano (2005) (Quoted in Grajales Quintero, Serrano Moya, &
Hahn Von-H, 2013, p. 299), multicriteria evaluation and decision methods comprise a
set of qualitative and/or quantitative criteria, which may be in conflict, so it is necessary
to optimize several simultaneous objective functions and have the participation of
multiple decision makers and experts, which from rational and consistent evaluation
procedures, allow making decisions on problems that contain intangible aspects to be
evaluated. (Grajales Quintero, Serrano Moya, & Hahn Von-H, 2013).
The use of the multi-criteria methodology is little applied in the tourism field as
evidenced in the literature reviews carried out, it can be stated that it is more widely
used to evaluate environmental, health and territorial problems, among others. (Franco
Maass et al., 2009). "This methodology has been widely used in different environmental,
social, economic and cultural sciences" (Joo Nagata & Alvarado Peterson, 2013, p. 144).
Vargas Isaza mentions that when dealing with complex real-world problems, this
technique is important because it addresses different points of view in relation to
conflicts and leads to decision-making and participation on the part of the affected agents,
since this technique uses different dimensions of analysis: socio-cultural, economic,
ecological-environmental or others, Munda (2002) (Cited in Vargas Isaza, 2005, p. 88).
(Castellanos Menjura , 2015)
Multicriteria evaluation are very important methodological tools to analyze the intrinsic
and extrinsic criteria in tourism (Enríquez Martínez et al., 2010), therefore these
techniques allow a better qualitative and quantitative assessment resulting in a better
selection of the elements of study. These techniques are essential for tourism planning
since "planning does not only respond to a single design, it inevitably depends on the
characteristics of the territory and its objectives" Yumisaca et al, (2019).
Based on the above, the research question was how it affects (EMC) in the use of the
resources of the Jimbura parish. Given that in terms of planning, the multi-criteria
evaluation is strategic for the authorities to take this study as a reference and join efforts
in the implementation of products, infrastructure and services in the natural and cultural
attractions that contain greater tourist vocation.
The results of the EMC research in Jimbura parish have shown that there are three
tourist attractions with hierarchies one and two, with local and regional diffusion. The
attractions that have local and regional diffusion are attractions that need accessibility
infrastructure and tourist services. In addition, security is essential for tourists who
come to this place to have a better appreciation of the destination to visit.
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It is concluded that the research will be a great contribution for the territorial planning
of the Jimbura parish since there is no research in (EMC). In addition, the research wants
to randomly generalize other researches that can contribute to the parish and the
development of tourism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The processes of methodology and research as mentioned by Cruz Garcí & López
Ospina (2020) "start from the premises and a series of inquiries that allow to respond
to the processes of the formulation of materials and methods".
In the present research, a bibliographic search of the tourist attractions of the Jimbura
parish was carried out, and through in situ work, a synthesis of the information was
collected in a field notebook by means of direct observation and interviews. To develop
the diagnosis, ranking and weighting of the intrinsic and extrinsic criteria, the
multicriteria evaluation matrix of tourist attractions and part of the methodology of the
Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador (2017) were used.
In addition, a search chain of multicriteria evaluation research in different branches of
science was carried out. The number found in the search chain was 154 articles related
to the topic. The instrument for the collection of information was considered to be
developed on the basis of the multicriteria evaluation, which consists of intrinsic and
extrinsic criteria. Table 1 shows the criteria established with qualitative and quantitative
approaches.
Table 1 Criteria for the evaluation of tourism resources.
Intrinsic criteria
Type of
resource
Criteria
Attribute
Description
Aquatic (water
currents)
a) Features
a1) Width
Meters
a2) Transparency
Crystalline (C)
Semiturbia (S)
Turbid (T)
a3) Visible
extension
1 to 3 mts. (A)
3 to 6 mts. (B)
6 to 10 mts. (C)
More than 10 mts.
(D)
b) Additional
attraction
b1) Fauna
Yes (S)
No (N)
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Cultural
manifestations
c) Features
c1) Traditional
state
Excellent (E)
Good (B)
Bad (M)
c2) Dissemination
Local (L)
Regional (R)
National (N)
International (I)
c3) Community
participation
Yes (S)
No (N)
d) Promotion
d1) Means of
promotion
Web (W)
Television (T)
Radius (R)
Magazines (Re)
Extrinsic criteria
Attribute
Description
e1) Distance
Kilometers
e2) Time
Minutes
f1) State of conservation
Excellent (E)
Good (B)
Regular (R)
Bad (M)
f2) Quality of the
environment
Optima (O)
Good (B)
Regular (R)
Low (Ba)
f3) Fragility
Very high (MA)
High (A)
Moderate (M)
Low (B)
f4) Contamination
Yes (S)
No (N)
g1) Signaling
Sufficient (S)
Some (A)
Insufficient (I)
None (N)
g2) Equipment
Sufficient (S)
Some (A)
Insufficient (I)
None (N)
g3) Recreational facilities
Recreational facilities (A)
Elements subject to
recreation (M)
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No recreational site (B)
g4) Activities
Total number of activities
h1) Surveillance
Very safe (M)
Insurance (S)
Moderate (Mo)
Insecure (I)
Elaborated from (Enríquez Martínez, Osorio García, Franco Maass, Ramírez de la O , &
Nava Bernal, 2010)& (Franco-Maass, Osorio García, Nava Bernal, & Regil García, 2009;
Castellanos Menjura, 2015).
The procedure was based on the construction of the hierarchy table of the tourist
attractions of the Jimbura parish, and the evaluation matrix of the intrinsic criteria,
decision matrix with normalized values and linear combination of the attributes.
For data processing, values were given to each of the tourist attractions according to
Table 1. Intrinsic and extrinsic criteria for the evaluation of tourism resources.
RESULTS
During the field work it was possible to identify 3 natural sites of interest and 5 cultural
manifestations in the Jimbura parish. Based on the study, it is evident that the hierarchy
of natural sites corresponds to category II, given that the promotion and dissemination
of these natural sites are representative at the regional level. On the other hand, the
cultural manifestations represent category I because these festivities are known at the
local level. These criteria are based on the methodology of the Ministry of Tourism of
Ecuador (2017).
Table 1Hierarchy of the natural and cultural tourist attractions of Jimbura parish
Tourist
Attraction
Category
Type
Subtype
Hierarc
hy
Black lagoon
Natural
Attractions
Lake
Environme
nts
Lagoon
II
Duck Lagoon
Natural
Attractions
Lake
Environme
nts
Lagoon
II
Bermeja Lagoon
Natural
Attractions
Lake
Environme
nts
Lagoon
II
Cultural Events
Category
Type
Subtype
Hierarc
hy
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International
bridge
Cultural
Events
Historic
Civil architecture
I
Stone Mills
Cultural
Events
Technical
and
scientific
achievemen
ts
Agricultural and
fishing centers
I
Feast in honor of
the Virgen del
Carmen
Cultural
manifestation
Cultural
and
popular
heritage
Religious festivals,
traditions and
popular beliefs
I
Parish festivals
Cultural
manifestation
Cultural
and
popular
heritage
Religious festivals,
traditions and
popular beliefs
I
Biker parties
Cultural
manifestation
Cultural
and
popular
heritage
Religious festivals,
traditions and
popular beliefs
I
Our Lady of
Mount Carmel
Church
Cultural
manifestation
Cultural
and
popular
heritage
Religious festivals,
traditions and
popular beliefs
I
As we can see in Table 3 in the Jimbura parish, aquatic resources and cultural
manifestations are analyzed. As for what refers to the lagoons are born of a lake system
that each lagoon is fed from the other, also has unique characteristics in the paramo
landscape with shrub vegetation such as Achupallas, Bromeliads, chuquiragua, white
cedar, romerillo and a lot of mosses, in addition to its vast fauna has made it part of a
National Park in conservation. In the cultural part both in the infrastructure and in its
diffusion where these events take place, it can be mentioned that they are in good
condition and it is of local character that is carried with the participation of the adjacent
communities.
Table 3 Construction of the intrinsic criteria for analysis
Resources
Criteria
Aquatics (Water
currents)
Width
Transparen
cy
Visible
extension
Fauna
a1
b1 (1)
b2 (2)
b3 (3)
Black lagoon
200 m
Approx.
C
D
S
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Red lagoon
180 m
Approx.
S
D
S
Duck Lagoon
120 m
Approx.
C
D
S
Cultural Events
Traditio
nal State
Broadcast
Communi
ty
participati
on
Media and
communicati
ons
c1 (4)
c2 (5)
c3 (6)
d1 (7)
International bridge
B
L
S
W
Stone mills
B
L
S
W
Feast in honor of the
Virgen del Carmen
B
L
S
W
Jimbura Parish Festival
B
L
S
W
Biker parties
B
L
S
R
Our Lady of Mount
Carmel Church
B
L
S
W
[1]
C=
Crystalline
S=
Semiturbid
ity
T= Turbid
[2]
C=
10m
or
less
D=
mor
e
than
10m
[3]
S=
Ye
s
N
=
N
o
[4]
E=
Excellent
B= Good
M= Bad
[5]
L= Local
R= Regional
N= National
I=
International
[6]
S= Yes
N= No
[7]
W= Web
T= Television
R= Radius
Re= Magazines
Own elaboration based on (Franco Maass et al., 2009).
Similarly, based on the variables already established and the field work, it has been
possible to create the matrix with the extrinsic criteria for each of the resources of the
Jimbura parish.
In terms of aquatic resources, we see that they are the resources with the greatest
distance and time from the closest locality to service and security infrastructure, despite
this, these resources have greater possibilities of appreciation and hierarchical ranking.
On the contrary, cultural events have a greater infrastructure of services and security,
but do not have a high power of appreciation.
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Table 4 Characterization of the extrinsic criteria of the attractions of the Jimbura parish
Resources
Criteria
Physical
access
Appreciation
possibilities
Infrastructure
and services
Securit
y
Aquatics (Water
currents)
e1
e2
f1
(1
)
f2(
2)
f3(
3)
f4(
4)
g1(
5)
g2(
5)
g3
(6)
g
4
h1(7)
Black lagoon
1
E
O
M
S
S
I
B
S
Red lagoon
R
O
M
S
N
I
B
Mo
Duck Lagoon
1
E
B
M
S
S
I
B
S
Cultural
manifestations
International bridge
B
B
B
S
A
A
B
1
S
Stone mills
R
B
M
S
N
N
M
S
Feast in honor of
the Virgen del
Carmen
0
0
B
B
B
S
N
S
M
S
Jimbura Parish
Festival
0
0
E
B
B
S
N
S
M
S
Biker parties
0
0
B
B
M
S
N
S
M
S
Our Lady of Mount
Carmel Church
0
0
B
B
M
S
N
S
M
S
[1]
E=
Excelle
nt
B=
Good
R=
Regular
M=
Bad
[2]
O=
Opti
mum
B=
Good
R=
Regul
ar
Ba=
Low
[3]
MA=
Very
high
A=
High
M=
Moder
ate
B=
Low
[4]
S= Yes
N= No
[5]
S=
Sufficient
A=
Some
I=
Insufficie
nt
N=
None
[6]
A=
Recreatio
nal
facilities
M=
Elements
susceptibl
e to
recreatio
n
B= No
recreatio
nal site
[7]
M= Very secure
S= Insurance
Mo= Moderate
I= Insecure
Own elaboration based on (Franco Maass et al., 2009).
Once the criteria had been tabulated, it was possible to continue with their
transformation into a scale of 1 to 10. The value of each attribute represents the degree
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to which each alternative meets the valuation objective, with 10 being the maximum
value that can be awarded.
Table 5 Decision matrix with normalized values of the attractions of Jimbura parish.
RESOURCES
INTRINSIC ATTRIBUTES
Aquatics (Water currents)
va
1
vb
1
vb2
v
b
3
Total
Averag
e
Black lagoon
Red lagoon
Duck Lagoon
9.75
3.9
Cultural manifestations
vc
1
vc
2
vc3
v
d
1
Total
Averag
e
International bridge
5
5.75
2.3
Stone mills
6.5
2.6
Feast in honor of the
Virgen del Carmen
7.75
3.1
Jimbura Parish Festival
3.2
Biker parties
7.75
3.1
Our Lady of Mount
Carmel Church
28
2.8
RESOURCES
EXTRINSIC ATTRIBUTES
Aquatics (Water
currents)
v
e
1
v
e
2
vf
1
v
f
2
v
f
3
vf
4
v
g
1
v
g
2
v
g
3
v
g
4
v
h
1
Tot
al
Ave
rag
e
Black lagoon
5
91
8,27
4,9
6
Red lagoon
5
7,09
4.2
5
Duck Lagoon
5
7,73
4.6
4
Cultural
manifestations
v
e
1
v
e
2
vf
1
v
f
2
v
f
3
vf
4
v
g
1
v
g
2
v
g
3
v
g
4
v
h
1
Tot
al
Ave
rag
e
International
bridge
5
5
5
6.82
4.0
9
Stone mills
5
5
5
6.82
4.0
9
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Feast in honor of
the Virgen del
Carmen
8.55
5.1
3
Jimbura Parish
Festival
8.64
5.1
8
Biker parties
8.45
5.0
7
Our Lady of
Mount Carmel
Church
8.55
5.1
3
Own elaboration based on (Franco Maass et al., 2009).
Once the matrix of normalized values had been created, the criteria for each type of
resource were converted and equalized, which made it clear which of the inventoried
resources had the greatest tourism potential. For this purpose, the weighting established
by Franco (2009) was used, which assigns a value of 40% to intrinsic criteria and 60% to
extrinsic criteria, percentages that are multiplied by the average or weighted sum of each
type of criterion. Finally, Table 6 shows the valuation obtained, which facilitates the
ranking of the resources in order of preference for tourism development.
Table 6 Decision matrix of normalized values of the attractions of Jimbura parish.
RESOURCES
Linea
r Sum
of
Intrin
sic
Resou
rces
Linea
r Sum
of
Extrin
sic
Resou
rces
Weig
hted
Sum
of
Intrin
sic
Crite
ria
Weig
hted
Sum
of
Extri
nsic
Crite
ria
Final
value
of
weig
hts
Order
of
Prefer
ence
Black lagoon
91
4,96
8,96
1
Red lagoon
4.25
8,25
Duck Lagoon
3.9
4.64
8,54
International bridge
2.3
4.09
6,39
Stone mills
2.6
4.09
6,69
Feast in honor of the
Virgen del Carmen
3.1
5.13
8,23
Jimbura Parish Festival
3.2
5.18
8,38
Biker parties
3.1
5.07
8,17
5
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Our Lady of Mount
Carmel Church
28
2.8
5.13
7,93
Own elaboration based on (Franco Maass et al., 2009).
Once the matrix of values was obtained, it can be observed that the Black Lagoon has
the greatest tourism potential with a value of (8.96), followed by the Laguna de los Patos
with (8.54), and in third place with the greatest tourism potential is the Parochialization
Festival with a value of (8.38). These three resources have greater tourism potential,
given as a recommendation to those responsible for tourism at both the parish and
cantonal level should take reference for the construction of a planning based on the
construction of infrastructure, dissemination, security and other criteria.
DISCUSSION
For (Arciniega Camarena et al., 2016) mentions that the scarce vegetation in terrestrial
and aquatic resources can influence the appreciation of the observer, given to this
conclusion to mention that it depends on the landscape that composes it as evidenced
in the case of the lagoons of the Jimbura parish even though its vegetation is shrubby it
is very attractive because of the landscape that surrounds it such as the system of lagoons
and rocks with volcanic peaks.
The multicriteria evaluation methodologies for tourist attractions do not respond to a
unified matrix, given that the nature of the researchers have different ways of performing
the weighting matrix. For Perez Vivar et al., (2014) and (Urióstegui Flores, Villaseñor
Franco, & Reyes Nateras (2018) although they perform a multicriteria evaluation they
use different weightings, criteria and elements in their research. Perez Vivar performs a
weighting of tourism activities to determine the tastes and preferences in the qualities
that a space should possess to perform a specific activity. On the contrary (Urióstegui
Flores et al., 2018) analyzes the tourist attributes of the city as conservation of urban
heritage (architecture, historical places and cultural manifestations such as traditional
and religious festivals). It also analyzes public safety, surveillance and the infrastructure
of tourist services.
Following in the same line of (EMC) (Vázquez Martínez & Vázquez Solís, 2017). Assigns
values in each of the alternatives of the criteria from (01 to 07). Meanwhile for (Franco
Maass et al., 2009) establishes a range of (0 to 10) weightings. In this research we have
taken as a reference the one that uses the weightings of (0 to 10) since there is a greater
number of articles and gives greater emphasis to the researcher's criterion.
CONCLUSIONS
The research, based on the methodology of the Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador, was
able to establish 8 attractions with possible tourist benefits, in addition to the resource
they belong to, natural site and cultural manifestation, type, subtype and hierarchy.
As mentioned in the research, tourism methodologies in Ecuador are somewhat
subjective at the discretion of the researcher since impartial parameters are not
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established at the time of establishing qualitative and quantitative analyses, given that this
research uses a methodology that is the most impartial and strategic for the application
of tourism territorial planning.
The bibliographic review of multicriteria evaluation research in the Jimbura parish is
nonexistent given that for many years, since 2004, work has been done using the
methodology of the Mintur del Ecuador.
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