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https://doi.org/10.37956/jbes.v5i3.178

Information source observatories: Concepts and

theoretical review

Observatorios fuente de información: Conceptos y revisión

teórica

Martínez Albarracín Carlos Eduardo

Bolívar Salgado William Ernesto

Gutiérrez Salgado Nohelia Marcela

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, information is a fundamental tool to improve

competitiveness and success in organizations.

Observatories through technological surveillance and

competitive intelligence are a source of knowledge

management. In Colombia there is a multiplicity of topics

in the observatories as a valuable support for decision

makers of companies and institutions of public or private

character and mixed economy. What criteria do the

observatories implement as sources of information in the

search for reliable data to their stakeholders, taking into

account that these particularize the variables in the

creation of new knowledge, helping the actors (public,

academic and business) to make the best decisions in the

development of the regions in particular in the area of

influence of UNIMINUTO Zipaquirá regional center? This

paper identifies concepts and makes a theoretical review

of observatories in order to argue the feasibility of creating

a competitive intelligence observatory in UNIMINUTO

Zipaquirá regional center.

Keywords: Competitive intelligence, observatory,

information, technology watch, knowledge management.

* Master in Organizational Management, Corporación Universitaria

Minuto de Dios, Zipaquirá/Cundinamarca /Colombia

carlos.martinez-a@uniminuto.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-

0867-8209

* Master's Degree in Education, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de

Dios, Zipaquirá/Cundinamarca /Colombia,

wbolivarsal@uniminuto.edu.co , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4839-

83566

* Business Administrator, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios,

Zipaquirá/Cundinamarca /Colombia, ngutierre18l@uniminuto.edu.co,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8642-2524

e-ISSN: 2576-0971. July - September Vol. 5 - 3 - 2021 . http://journalbusinesses.com/index.php/revista

RESUMEN

En la actualidad la información es una herramienta fundamental para mejorar la

competitividad y el éxito en las organizaciones. Los observatorios por medio de la

vigilancia tecnológica y la inteligencia competitiva son una fuente de gestión del

conocimiento. En Colombia se presentan multiplicidad de temáticas en los observatorios

como un valioso apoyo para los tomadores de decisión de las empresas e instituciones

de carácter público o privado y de economía mixta. ¿Qué criterios implementan los

observatorios como fuentes de información en la búsqueda de datos confiables a sus

Stakeholders, teniendo como antecedente que estos particularizan las variables en la

creación de nuevos conocimientos, coadyuvando a los actores (público, académico y

empresarial) a tomar las mejores decisiones en el desarrollo de las regiones en particular

en la zona de influencia de UNIMINUTO centro regional Zipaquirá? Esta ponencia

identifica conceptos y hace una revisión teórica de observatorios con el ánimo de

argumentar la viabilidad en la creación de un observatorio de inteligencia competitiva en

UNIMINUTO centro regional Zipaquirá.

Palabras clave: Inteligencia competitiva, observatorio, información, vigilancia

tecnológica, gestión del conocimiento

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, organizations have a dynamic of exponential growth of permanent and rapid

change, leading to the creation of organizations that compile and require open data or

research of their interest, or organizations that process them, as is the case of

observatories. Having the clarity that these have the function of capturing, processing

and disseminating information through a knowledge management system as expressed

by Medina-Nogueira, Nogueira-Rivera, Medina-León, Medina-Nogueira, & El Assafiri-

Ojeda (2018), where this statement is the axis of development of competitiveness and

success organizations, where information is a fundamental tool for decision makers. For

the authors Villarroel G, Comai, Karmelic-Pavlov, Fernández O, & Arriagada V (2015)

state that the Design and implementation of an observatory with a unit of technological

surveillance and competitive intelligence in this society, which provides data and

information for use, which provides a better understanding of the environment.

However, the lack of knowledge of the different organizations and individuals of the

activities and products generated by the observatories does not allow them to make

assertive and advanced decisions within the framework of their environment, losing the

possibility of using data and reliable transforming information by making use of new

knowledge. The observatories should generate spaces that allow them to dynamize their

function as a contribution to their interest groups and to the knowledge society, in

general to whoever is interested in the topics of their lines of research in the use of the

data and reports generated. Giving academic support in the creation of a competitive

intelligence observatory in UNIMINUTO Zipaquirá Regional Center, in addition to the

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above, 42 observatories located in Colombia are recognized and identified, particularly

in Bogotá, central savannah in Cundinamarca. An own methodological proposal is

formulated, which facilitates the construction of knowledge in their daily life, pertinent

to the characteristics of the interests of this new observatory.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To achieve our general study objective and answer our research question, the study

team was based on three questions: What are the sources and quality criteria of

information required by observatories to generate new useful information for their

stakeholders; What is an information system for an observatory; How do senior

management of organizations incorporate the information provided by observatories

into their decision making process; and How do they incorporate the information

provided by observatories into their decision making process? It began with the search

and review of documents on observatory concepts, it was carried out between June

2019 and April 2020, taking as an example the initiative of Moreno & Mantilla ( 2016),

who used different databases such as Redalyc. Scielo, Dialnet, Scopus, Science direct,

proquest, Ebesco. Using as keywords observatory, information sources, knowledge

management. A study of this type makes it possible to trace different contexts in which

the concept of observatory is defined. Ferreira, (2002) cited in the study by Lilian,

Ferneda, & Hercules Antonio, (2018). In sum, to the above, the methodology was applied

under the concept "research that studies research" employed by Slongo (2004). where

the academic production and its different approaches are systematized and analyzed.

The articles selected in this study were characterized by identifying the author's

credibility or experience in the subject and the methodological quality in the

construction of the information; in parallel, portals of 40 observatories located in

Colombia were searched on the web, particularly in the Central Savannah in

Cundinamarca and Bogotá DC, allowing a characterization of the observatories as

sources of information. In this sense, García Orozco (2010) citing Adam (1973) uses the

word "information" from classical Latin. The term information is a substantivation of the

verb informare, which, being transitive, finds its greatest generality in the expression

aliquid informare. The latter literally means to give form to an object and points to the

development of a process, i.e., to management; therefore, in its very genesis there is a

relationship between the two terms.

In their study Eneida & León, (2014), point out information as a strategic resource, which

is inherent to any organization. The use of it is linked to the specificities required by

each institution and society in general to face the dynamics of the economy, the

evolution of technologies and the development of social life (Contardi 2005).

Similarly, García Orozco (2010) defines the concept of information management, citing

Ponjuan (2004), as the process by which basic resources (economic, physical, human or

material) are obtained, deployed or used to manage information within and for the

society it serves. It has as a basic element the management of the life cycle of this

resource and is developed in any organization.

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A matrix was designed where the different observatory concepts are presented as an

object of theoretical analysis. It shows a scarce use of repositories and observatories as

tools to manage knowledge. In their study conclude Medina-Nogueira, Nogueira-Rivera,

Medina-León, Medina-Nogueira, & El Assafiri-Ojeda, (2018) on the effective management

of knowledge through observatories.

From this information management model and the proposed methodology presented by

Guerrero & Erichsen. (2017) to identify the factors that influence social observatories

in Brazil, from the perspective of information management. which we take as a reference

to design a new proposal of information management system where search tools are

integrated, analysis, and dissemination of information, and facilitates decision making

based on useful, relevant and reliable information. It requires as input variables: the needs

and demands of the target public, the priorities of the organization, the unstructured

information, and the computer supports for its management.

Finally, the analysis of the concept matrix and the proposed information management

system model showed how observatories are sources of data processing, manage

knowledge, and provide tools for senior management decision-makers of their

stakeholders.

RESULTS

The definition of observatory according to the study by Pírela, Almarza, & Pulido (2018)

is related as a set of actions organized with the purpose of interpreting realities, objects,

actors, reconstructing situations, variables, indicators in order to process and generate

information and data, which fertilize and support decision making.

It is worth highlighting the contributions of Angulo (2009) who argues that observatories

are a structured and organized system in permanent search of quality information,

validating its origin, making analysis of the environment, monitoring it, building a new

one, motivating its use in the design of strategies on the other hand Soares, Ferneda, &

Do Prado(2018).cite Silva (2014) who complements by stating that observatories or

knowledge centers must go beyond being databases or repositories, they must assume

a proactive and multifunctional position in articulation with knowledge. (Tellez &

Rodríguez, 2014) . In this regard, it is important to define that an observatory is an

organization created by a collective in order to follow the evolution of a phenomenon,

usually of an economic or social nature, from a favorable position. (Sarmiento, Delgado,

& Infante, 2019. P. 33). Observatories according to De la Vega, (2007) are a tool to

perform technological surveillance, it identifies changes in the domain of data

transformed into processed information as a result of the management and objectives

of what is observed. As a result of this transformation and understanding the phenomena

and identifying trends of the variables, anticipating future behavior and generating reliable

products to the receivers. In short, the observatories group knowledge or collective

learning, compiling data and experiences, associated with the objectives in the

construction of knowledge Correa & Castellanos (2014), generating added value by

empowering the human being in the organizations being this a collaborative and

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cooperative strategy that when put into practice increases the volume and quality of

information for observatories and stakeholders in the information. (Angulo, 2009)

With all and the above, it is evident for knowledge management the application of a

conceptual model, which integrates tools for search, analysis and dissemination of

information that facilitate decision making Moreno-Espino, Carrasco-Bustamante,

Rosete-Suárez, & Delgado-Dapena (2013) , based on Deming's continuous improvement

cycle to create products and services in which value is added to the information.

(Medina-Nogueira, Nogueira-Rivera, Medina-León, Medina-Nogueira, & El Assafiri-

Ojeda, 2018)

According to Moreno, Rosete, Carrasco, Hadfeg-Fernández, & Delgado-Dapena, (2014),

conceptualize on the tools of knowledge management because they process, measure,

evaluate, project, associate technology in search of facilitating the work through

information on specific topics generating reports as stated, De la Vega (2007), in his

research Typology of Science and Technology Observatories. The cases of Latin

America, in which findings, summaries, alerts are disclosed in order to facilitate the

understanding of these topics by the interested parties to make decisions.

Knowledge management according to Jiménez et al. (2019) states that it is at a level that

does not allow identification and socialization of tacit knowledge, Godoy Espinoza et al.

(2017 p. 671) considers it as a systematic process that enables the conversion of

knowledge of individuals and teams into collective knowledge in a way that allows

obtaining sustainable competitive advantages. However, for Herrera, (2019 p.392). there

cannot be a knowledge society in which there is a divorce between the university,

society, private enterprise and the public sector, this interaction generates according to

Gómez-Bayona et al, (2020 p. 15). models of intellectual capital that stimulate companies

to improve and develop new value creation processes, Medina, et al, (2020 p.18) affirm

that knowledge has become the most important intangible asset in the development of

organizations.

Regardless of its nature, for Pachon, (2014) every observatory seeks two basic purposes,

to investigate and socialize, in the research part of a topic or problem of interest, reviews

information, makes a description and characterizes, makes processes of comparison and

contrast, infers, making information transfer that through the different open media in

search of socializing the findings so that the user infers appropriating this and generates

a series of debates permeating the construction of knowledge networks (Correa &

Castellanos, 2014).

In addition, this concept of networks has mutated and depends on the topic and the

phenomenon to be observed Zarate, (2017), in some cases to virtual observatories on

the web, having as background that develop the same objectives supported by the

different tools facilitating the organization , classification and processing of information

in virtual learning environments, building research networks on particular topics,

stimulating users to share arguments that consolidate or not the products socialized on

specific topics . (Peralta & Vargas, 2015, p. 32).

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It should be remembered that a technological observatory captures external information

with the purpose of transforming it into specific knowledge that leads its users to make

decisions. For Medina-Nogueira, Nogueira-Rivera, Medina-León, Medina-Nogueira, & El

Assafiri-Ojeda (2018) state that this knowledge is supported by a technological support

in a virtual platform allowing users to share research results or technological watch of

interest (Delgado, et al, 2011)a promoting the application of diagnostic tools in

technological watch for organizations and their projection. (Delgado, M & Arrebato,

2011).

Likewise, organizations such as the network of University Observatories, conceive them

as informative universes that analyze the realities from the strategy in spaces of

reflection, visualizing their management through articles, essays, pepear, accompanied by

the conceptual theoretical background supported by their bibliographical references

socialized in the different media in specialized areas of the concert.

As evidenced the observatories are points of convergence of interests (vocation of the

observatory and interest groups) sharing motivations and perhaps objectives often

conform as a narrowed and specialized version of academic communities and virtual

forums (Rocha-Jiménez, Rueda-Lizarazo, & Chaparro-Guevara, 2016). . Internet

observatories are also a space for the dissemination of a certain way of analyzing the

topic that motivates it; that is, they constitute an editorial window of the group or

organization that gives it life, with respect to the topic they decide to "observe" (Prieto,

2003, sp).

It should be noted that observatories are open research systems based on objectives,

interests, time, methodology and resources, in order to build primary information as

expressed by Pirela, Almarza, & Pulido, (2018) which processing it is a reliable source by

testing it before the community receiving feedback as a result of the analysis and

interpretation of the same motivating reflection, criticism generating other studies from

their results. (Correa & Castellanos, 2014)

It can be seen that 21% of the observatories are oriented to the subject of politics and

democracy. Seventeen percent correspond to the social sector and 12% to the business

sector. It is also found that the observatories with the themes of communications and

astronomy have the lowest percentages (2% and 5%, respectively). It can be deduced

that the topics of economic development, regional and business development in the

department of Cundinamarca are not widely dealt with in the observatories under study.

The following is an analysis of the classification of the thematic areas of the 42

observatories identified in the geographic environment of Bogota and central Sabana.

Education: these observatories seek to promote and interact with the actors of

knowledge and its transfer, in accordance with the academic context and the

development of the substantive functions, research, teaching and extension in their

work. The products generated are disseminated through the Academic Magazine,

newsletters, and job boards for students, teachers and graduates.

Social: These observatories promote the development of social projects aimed at the

most vulnerable communities in order to transform and improve their quality of life,

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helping to create and strengthen public policies in search of the welfare of the general

population with impact projects.

The products generated in this thematic area include: quality of life reports, trend

reports, territorial characterization, technological surveillance, databases, infographics,

georeferenced maps, presentations, newsletters, systematization of experiences and

structuring of social technologies.

Politics and Democracy: These observatories seek to follow up and monitor regulations

and jurisprudence in the different state bodies in order to reduce corruption and

increase the effectiveness of government actions in their decisions, these are located at

100%. In the Special District of Bogota. The products generated in this thematic area

are: Legislative and Judicial Follow-up Report, analysis of reports generated by the

different entities, Newsletters, quarterly magazines.

Health: The objective of these health observatories is to formulate, follow up and

monitor the different factors that affect public health, the environment and their impact

on the communities, supporting the creation of public policies in the Ministry of Health

and Social Protection, in particular the products generated in this thematic area are

bulletins, reports, documents, analysis and synthesis on topics related to the

management of drugs, inclusion, the disabled, orphan diseases, among others.

Technology: These observatories characterize and monitor the e-commerce ecosystem

in Colombia. They also analyze the phenomena, objects, events, relationships, dynamics

and effects linked to the use and application of information technologies in contemporary

reality. The products generated in this thematic area are documents oriented to the use

of media and technological mediations in articles of indexed journals.

Business: The business observatories are characterized by compiling useful, timely and

accurate information on the impacts of the country's economic policies and their impact

on companies, monitoring trade agreements, analyzing pros and cons in the different

sectors and sharing public policy guidelines. The products generated in this thematic area

include employability databases, market studies, articles, newsletters, reports and

events.

Labor: In general, environmental observatories seek to rigorously monitor biotic

systems and their effects of human interaction, to learn about and participate in cases of

socio-environmental conflicts, corroborating compliance with established norms and the

proposal of government policies in favor of the quality of life of fauna and flora and the

protection of nature in general. The products generated in this thematic area are

documentaries, reports, databases, statistics, communication between interest groups

and public and private companies.

Communication: The Media observatory is an institutional project whose purpose is to

contribute to the identification, analysis and discussion of problems inherent to

communication (in its broadcasting, circulation and reception processes) and, above all,

the way in which the informative function is fulfilled in Colombia's mass media. The

products generated in this thematic area are media analysis, audience formats and

bulletins.

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Astronomical: The astronomical observatories seek social appropriation of science and

technology through the creation of training and research strategies in space sciences.

The products generated in this thematic area are training courses in astronomy and

training and disciplinary research seedbeds.

The Centro Progresa EPE is a unit of academic management, administrative management

of UNIMINUTO that contributes to the social projection. The strategies of the Centro

Progresa EPE are derived from the Educational Project of Uniminuto and the Social

Projection Policy. its purpose is to provide extension services and open opportunities

for the consolidation of the life project of the Students and Graduates, through more

education, more opportunities in entrepreneurship, employability and professional

practice as the experience of the first job.

In order to carry out this task, the Zipaquirá Regional Center has been negotiating a

series of inter-institutional agreements with businessmen in the area with a view to

incorporating the needs of the companies and the training processes taught in the

classrooms.

The most important subsectors as strategic allies are the Services Sector with a share

of 20.3%, the Education Sector with a share of 19.2%, the Solidarity Economy Sector

with 16.9%, and the Financial, Health and Transportation Sectors with the lowest share.

In the table above indicates the percentage level of companies in the service sector

identifying that it is equivalent to 71% and the manufacturing sector 20% and the primary

sector 9%, identifying that the tertiary service sector is may be the stakeholders or

Stakeholders.

DISCUSSION

After reviewing the theoretical concepts, it can be affirmed that observatories are a

source of information transformation that gathers contextual phenomena and generates

reports for decision makers. From the analysis of the 42 observatories in Bogota and

central savannah, no observatories oriented to the productivity and competitiveness of

small and medium-sized entrepreneurs in terms of competitive intelligence were

identified. It is proposed the creation of an observatory that meets the interests of small

and medium-sized entrepreneurs and contributes to their permanence over time.

There is no real organizational culture in the companies of the region towards

competitive intelligence and innovation by the managers of the organizations, which

implies that many of them are not aware of the existence of observatories or entities

that provide key information inputs for decision making. By their nature, observatories

promote multidisciplinary bibliometrics in their research, making use of statistical,

sociological and informatics tools, managing the fulfillment of research objectives using

databases in open access documents.

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CONCLUSIONS

The authors define the concept of observatories as open research systems that capture

information, integrate search tools, using methodologies and technological resources,

organizing, classifying and processing data in convergence with the interests of

stakeholders (internal and external to the organizations), promoting collective learning,

supported by technological surveillance and competitive intelligence to transfer

information, making use of knowledge management tools that lead their users to make

better decisions.

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