Journal of Business and entrepreneurial
October - December Vol. 5 - 4 - 2021
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Public policy and economic outlook in the region of
Ucayali
Política pública y panorama económica en la región de Ucayali
Kathy Flores Cabrera De Ruiz
*
Jhonn Robert Ruiz De la Cruz
**
ABSTRACT
The objective of this quantitative article is to make a
correlation between public policies and the outlook in the
Ucayali region. Initially, some background information
related to public policies and the economic outlook is
presented; Then, a conceptualization of public policies is
made to give a framework for analysis and action and to
revert the undesirable, in an orderly manner where the
actors are not reduced to the government, and above all
the public part is rescued but not the politics incorporating
different scientific knowledge and finally, the economic
outlook is emphasized as a basis for economic
development supposes legal and institutional adjustments
that are made to give incentives and innovations with the
purpose of creating an efficient production system and a
distribution system for goods and services in the region of
Ucayali. It was concluded that there is evidence to affirm
that public policy is significantly related to the economic
outlook in the Ucayali region of nursing respondents, with
a Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient of 0.786, which
presents a high correlation between the variables.
Keywords: Public Policies, Commendation, Overview,
efficiency, effectiveness, work performance, budgets.
*
Master in Accounting - with mention in Auditing , Universidad Nacional
Hermilio Valdizán kathyflorescabrera@gmail.com, https://orcid.org0000-
0003-0100-9317
**
Master in Education - with mention in Evaluation and Accreditation of the
Quality of Education, Universidad Nacional de Ucayali
jhonnrobertruizdelacruz@gmail.com, https://orcid.org0000-0001-9332-3594
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RESUMEN
El presente artículo cuantitativo tiene por objetivo hacer una correlación sobre las
políticas públicas y el panorama en la región de Ucayali. Inicialmente se plantean algunos
antecedentes relacionados con la políticas públicas y el panorama económico;
posteriormente se realiza una conceptualización de las políticas públicas es dar un marco
de análisis y acción y revertir lo indeseable, de manera ordenada donde los actores no
se reducen al gobierno, y sobre todo se rescata la parte pública mas no la política
incorporando diferentes conocimientos científicos y finalmente, se enfatiza el panorama
económico como base para el desarrollo económico supone ajustes legales e
institucionales que son hechos para dar incentivos e innovaciones con el propósito de
crear un eficiente sistema de producción y un sistema de distribución para los bienes y
servicios en la región de Ucayali. Se concluyó que existe evidencia para afirmar que la
política pública se relaciona significativamente con el panorama económica en la región
de Ucayali de enfermería encuestados, siendo que el coeficiente de correlación Rho de
Spearman de 0.786, en el cual se presenta una correlación alta entre las variables.
Palabras clave: Políticas Públicas, Encomia, Panorama, eficiencia , eficacia, desempeño
laborar, presupuestos.
INTRODUCTION
In the first weeks of 2020, the economy in the region continued a slow deceleration
process, which kept it creating jobs and performing better than the Eurozone countries.
It was in a position of limited, but solid and reasonably balanced growth, with the
exception of public accounts. Romero (2016) indicates that of course, as far as the
private sector was concerned, the situation was better than on the eve of the 2008
crisis. Companies and families had reduced their indebtedness significantly, (Vargas,
2017, p. 60) banks had been cleaned up, large and medium-sized companies had invested
and had diversified and internationalized, and growth was sectorally balanced, without
financial or real estate bubbles. For Vidal 2016 indicates that these data gave confidence
and made the outlook good if the environment was good, remaining relatively stable or
improving. An improvement was precisely what the International Monetary Fund and
the European Commission were predicting, which in January of this year had forecast a
slight upturn in European growth towards the end of the year, which should once again
give oxygen to the Spanish economy so that the slowdown would not end in recession.
(Castelao, 2016, p 352) The economy in the Latin American region had, however, some
underlying problems, because the imbalances accumulated before 2008 and in the worst
years of the crisis had not yet been fully corrected: public debt almost equaled one year's
GDP and external debt (public debt, to a large extent) was slightly more than one and a
half times that same GDP, while unemployment was still above 13%. These were
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problems that made it vulnerable - a risk patient, to use the terminology of the day in
the event of another general crisis. It still needed the international financial markets to
lend it money and for them to do so without high interest rates (risk premium) it had
to present convincing results: solvency and payment capacity. In other words, economic
growth and a tendency towards financial equilibrium.
Colombia's access to the OECD would mean having the best possible advice on
development policies, i.e., according to Hernández (2014), having the possibility of
disseminating its positions and proposing policies on issues of international relevance to
the most influential audience on these issues. Its international presence will be
strengthened by sitting at the same table with countries that have been successful in the
design of economic and social policies.
The existence of gaps between the policies used and agri-food entrepreneurship, Girón
(2016) leaves theoretical gaps that could be unveiled in the doctoral research to be
carried out, since working with entrepreneurs, they could provide relevant information
to categorize edges that could contribute to the development of theories that permeate
towards the future construction of public policies with relevance to the empowerment
of new entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector.
In complement to the above, Avila-Foucat, (2017) generated a research article, where
he states that, Food policies in Venezuela have had a positive effect on the population;
undertaking an interesting policy of inclusion, recognized by international organizations
lowering poverty rates, social inclusion is a fact and has had an important impact on the
new ordering of Venezuelan social strata. (p. 32).
The openness of public policies towards the financing of final products consumed by the
population is highlighted, however, it is not reflected whether these have been produced
by Venezuelan entrepreneurs or by large national or international companies, thus, it is
pertinent to focus the current study, Thus, it is pertinent to focus the current study on
discovering evidence that allows us to confront the magnitude of support given to new
entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector in terms of public policies, which provides the
opportunity to make future theoretical contributions in the framework of the
theorization of the doctoral thesis on entrepreneurship in the Venezuelan agricultural
sector.
Epistemically, according to Soto (2014), entrepreneurship can be conceived from
different points of view; however, for this study, it is focused on the agri-food segment,
specifically on novice entrepreneurs, who have contributed to economic growth, from
their own inventiveness or tenacity to develop businesses without sometimes having the
specialized training for this purpose, Therefore, we will start from the perspective of the
National Commission of Micro and Small Enterprises (CONAMYPE), which states that
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Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking and acting oriented towards the creation of wealth
to take advantage of the opportunities present in the environment or to meet the needs
of personal income generating value to the economy and society. While the
Entrepreneur is a person with the capacity to innovate, understood as the ability to
generate goods and services in a creative, methodical, ethical, responsible and effective
way.
It is the business community, supported by a public text of laws and business practices
formed by a base of interacting organizations and individuals that produce and associate
business ideas, skills, financial and non-financial resources that result in dynamic
businesses.
This type of entrepreneurship has support from institutions that function as incubators
or creators of entrepreneurship, in this sense, Gamboa (2016) complements by saying
that "by entrepreneurial ecosystem, we understand all that context and environment
that facilitate the emergence of companies and business projects" (p. 14). This implies
the existence of public policies aimed at the creation of new businesses through
comprehensive support to entrepreneurs, which is favorable for the new agri-food
sector, which should be supported not only with financing, but also with specialized
training in order to generate sustainability and pertinent sustainability in order to ensure
a productive and profitable business over time.
During the last decades the world has witnessed the exceptional evolution of China's
economy. In these years, China has grown at a pace that has positioned the country
among the world's leading economic powers in terms of size. China's growth has unique
characteristics, both in terms of its size and the nature of the factors that have driven it.
China has gone from being an emerging country to becoming a world leader based on
solid foundations: it is the most populated country in the world, the main trading partner
for many countries and the world's largest market for a wide range of products (Bernal,
2013, p. 490).
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the growth of the Chinese
economy during recent decades and, in particular, to review the most important aspects
related to the role that Chinese manufactures play in international markets. After this
introduction, the rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the
trajectory of the Chinese economy and its determinants from 1978 to the present.
Section 3 focuses on China's manufacturing sector and highlights its main distinguishing
features. Section 4 reviews the key characteristics of China's manufacturing trade. Finally,
Section 5 draws the main conclusions of the paper.
The roots of this remarkable growth of China's economy lie in two basic factors: a
sequence of institutional reforms that brought the Chinese economy closer to a market
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model and opened the country to foreign investment and international trade, coupled
with the availability of abundant labor in a low-wage context. The economic reforms
initiated in 1978 that facilitated the country's transition from a highly intervened Soviet-
style system to a much more market-oriented economy, albeit still constrained by a
political framework under the control of a single Party. Initially, the reforms opened the
door to the privatization of farms, facilitated the creation of small and medium-sized
enterprises, and promoted foreign investment. Price controls were also relaxed. The
reforms affecting the rural sector freed millions of workers to supply labor for the
manufacturing enterprises that were beginning to emerge in the cities. The relaxation of
strict rules limiting internal migration also contributed significantly to this. As a result,
the private sector has driven the growth recorded by the Chinese economy during this
period: around 70% of the growth in value added is generated by private firms, and of
that growth, approximately 70% is attributable to start-ups (Moreno-Brid et al., 2017, p.
65)
At the time of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the relationship between health and
economics has played a remarkable role. The World Health Organization (WHO)
named the disease COVID-19, short for "coronavirus disease 2019". Coronaviruses
(CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to
more serious illnesses. This is considered a new virus for humans, and the general
population lacks immunity against the new strain. In addition, there is more than one
route of transmission for this virus. In mid-March 2020 it became pandemic, which means
that the epidemic has spread over several countries, continents or the entire world,
affecting a large number of people.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present research was of quantitative approach because it uses data collection in
order to test the hypothesis and statistics. Viera et al. (2016) The type of research was
basic because it contributes to the knowledge of the study problem The research design
is non-experimental, because the study variables will not be altered, according to Viera
et al. (2016) "Non-experimental research is that which is performed without deliberately
manipulating variables and in which only the phenomena are observed in their natural
environment and then analyzed", and cross-sectional; since it was conducted at a single
time. It is also correlational, since it studies the relationship between variables in an
investigation. The method was hypothetical-deductive, since the hypotheses were tested
and conclusions were obtained.
A census population of public institutions in the Ucayali region was used to select the
total population comprising public entities such as the Regional Government - Ucayali,
the National University of Ucayali, provincial and district municipalities within the
jurisdiction.
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The instruments used to measure the variables were validated by expert judgment, the
contents and structure of the items were verified, as well as the construct and criterion
validity. To achieve the reliability of the instruments, the statistical method of cronbach's
alpha was used, which gave as a result for the variable Public Policies (Alpha = 0.760)
and for the variable Economic Outlook (Alpha = 0.768); these validations and reliability
of the instruments were carried out based on the data obtained from the pilot test.
The technique used was the survey, as a statistical method descriptive statistic was
applied for the levels of variables, dimensions and inferential statistics for hypothesis
testing. If all the economic resources allocated in public policies are invested, then the
economic outlook in the region of Ucayali and its public institutions would improve, to
the extent that the population within the jurisdiction would feel the investment in health,
education, agriculture, etc., therefore, it is reflected in the quality of life of the
population.
RESULTS
Descriptive statistics were applied for the levels of variables and dimensions and
inferential statistics for hypothesis testing.
The method of ranking was carried out for the variables Public Policies and Economic
Outlook, in order to determine the ranges and levels of the results, taking into account
the number of questions and the likert scale applied in the instrument (Table 1).
Table 1. Variables
V1. Public Policy
V2. Economic outlook
General
Qualitative
General
Qualitative
92 – 122
61 - 91
20 – 60
Good
Regular
Malo
92 – 122
61 - 91
20 – 60
Good
Regular
Malo
Source: Own
After performing the ranking, the data collected were analyzed using SPSS 24 software,
and the following results were obtained for the training variable:
Table 2. Public Policies
Levels
Frequency
Percentage
Malo
3
27,3
Regular
7
72,7
Total
10
100,0
Source: Data obtained by survey
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Table 2 shows that, according to the survey, the public policy variable in the Ucayali
Region, the poor level reached 27.3% and the fair level reached 72.7% in the Ucayali
Region, 2020.
The following results were also obtained for the Economic Outlook variable:
Table 3. Economic Overview
Levels
Frequency
Percentage
Regular
100,0
100,0
Total
10
100,0
Source: Data obtained by survey
It can be observed that, in Table 3, the Economic Outlook variable according to the
survey, the regular level reached 100% in the Ucayali Region, 2020.
General hypothesis of the research
Ho. Public Policies are not related to the Economic Outlook in the Ucayali Region, 2020.
Hi. Public Policies related to the Economic Outlook in the Region of Ucayali, 2020
Table 4. Correlation between Public Policies and the Economic Outlook in the Region of
Ucayali, 2020
Public
Policies
Economic
Overview
Spearman's Rho
Public Policies
Correlation
coefficient
1,000
,788**
Sig. (bilateral)
.
,000
N
10
10
Economic Overview
Correlation
coefficient
,788**
1,000
Sig. (bilateral)
,000
.
N
10
10
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: Data obtained by survey
Table 4 shows the degree of correlation between the variables Public Policies and
Economic Outlook in the Ucayali Region, 2020. Spearman's Rho was determined at
0.788, showing that there is a high relationship between these variables, with a
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significance level of p<0.01, which rejects the null hypothesis and accepts the alternative
hypothesis. It is concluded that there is a high correlation between the variables.
Table 5. Correlation measures between scores obtained in dimensions of public policies with
the level of the economic outlook Ucayali Region, 2020.
measure
Significance
Dear
Correlation between public policy in the education
sector and economic outlook
0,798
P<0.01
Correlation between health sector public policy and
economic outlook
0,727
P<0.01
Correlation between public policy in the agricultural
sector and economic outlook
0,772
P<0.01
Source: Application of the questionnaire Public Policies and Economic Panorama Ucayali Region,
2020.
Table 5 shows the level of correlation between the Public Policies in the Education,
Health and Agriculture sectors, Ucayali Region, 2020. Determining the Spearman's Rho
of 0.798, 0.727, 0.772 respectively, this indicates that a high relationship was found, being
the level of significance, p<0.01, with which the null hypothesis is rejected and the
alternative is accepted. It is concluded that there is a high relationship.
DISCUSSION
In the research presented "Public Policies and Economic Outlook in the Ucayali Region, 2020",
it was obtained that the relationship according to Spearman's Rho is (r=0.788 and
p=0.000), indicating that it is at the high correlation level between the study variables. It
was corroborated with Ceballos (2015), where he talks about the Budget Planning
process of the IESS Hospital of Ambato that intend to be reinforced. The research is
descriptive and correlational, its objective was to carry out an appropriate budget
planning and optimize with efficiency and administrative effectiveness the IESS Hospital
of Ambato, which leads to a detailed control in the budget items of the establishment.
According to the results obtained, compliance with the budget as of June 2013 is 37.72%,
a low percentage compared to what was expected. In relation to the strategic objective,
it shows stages of growth in services, resources for maintenance and personnel,
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according to the existing demand and the growth of the IESS Hospital of Ambato.
Villegas, (2015) specifies that the research is Descriptive and correlational, and its
objective determines the influence of administrative management and the relationship
with budget allocations and their execution in the period 2012, the Administration
executes with efficiency and effectiveness the budget cycle, through the processes of
planning and budget availability, framed in the National Development Plan and
institutional Planning, they work with the ESIGEF and Spryn program which monitor the
budget execution on a monthly basis. The 2012 Annual Operating Plan (POA) was highly
evaluated, showing that 98.14% of the allocations have been accrued and that, compared
to the previous period, there has been a considerable growth of 306.03%, which
contributed to the fulfillment of the goals and objectives set.
Pliego (2014) determines that the analysis of the coverage and quality of both services
and presents the estimated resources that should have been executed by each Ministry
to cover one hundred percent of the population. He also reflects that the budget is not
adequate in amount and distribution structure considering the existing needs in
Guatemala, the insufficiency of resources together with inefficiency in the distribution
for the execution of the budget resulted in low coverage and poor quality in both
services. Thus, he argues that his theory has caused Guatemala to have unfavorable
indices related to education and health, such as significant levels of maternal and infant
mortality, illiteracy and poverty, mainly in rural areas and in departments with a mostly
indigenous population. This is also a reflection of the fact that public resources for
education and health are largely centralized and focused on urban areas and certain
segments of the population, and that there is no community participation in the
administration of both, thus failing to comply with constitutional obligations and other
commitments of the Peace Agreements, the Millennium Development Goals and the
Fiscal Pact, representing serious drawbacks for development.
Brid (2016) argues that the results-based budget, considering the expectations of success
in its execution, concludes that Peru needs to strengthen certain areas of management,
in this sense it is important to create a Results-Based Management System that gradually
allows facing the limitations of the planning, budgeting and evaluation processes; avoiding
duplication and optimizing information for a more efficient use of this decision making,
in addition to the population to which the Results-Based Budget has been oriented, will
be able to physically check the work and/or service concluded for their benefit. In
addition, the author specifies that the institutions responsible for the management and
execution of the budget will have greater facilities in the management of the resources
destined to the programmed works and will also have the security of presenting them
physically at their conclusion, which will be put to the service and benefit of the citizens.
Castelao (2016) specifies that the type of research conducted in the thesis is descriptive,
because it measures how the formulated problem is and how it manifests itself, and
correlational because its purpose is to measure the degree of relationship between the
variables described in the hypothesis. It also concludes that the application of the Budget
by Results in the municipalities of Peru improves the quality of public spending since they
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are intended to improve the living standards of the population. Likewise, how to improve
the quality of life of the population is through the allocation of budgetary resources in
strategic programs such as: Improving chronic child malnutrition, Improving the quality
of basic education, Improving the provision of services to the population and improving
the quality of life of the population. Improve the provision of services to the population.
Since the strategic programs constitute the instrument of the budget for results. And as
the current budget evaluation indicators do not consider the social benefits that should
be provided to the population, and are even unknown by those who elaborate such
evaluation.
CONCLUSIONS
Public policies have a relationship (Rho= 0.788) and significant (p=0.000) with the
economic outlook in the Ucayali region, 2020. The proposed hypothesis was affirmed
and the relationship is high. If the budget execution were constant in the public policies
in the sectors of education, health and agriculture contracted were constant, in the
quarters then it would be efficient and effective where it would be reflected in the
population of the region of Ucayali, then the economic outlook would reflect the
expected results and fulfillment of goals and budgetary objectives.
The economic outlook and the perception that the budget execution reflects
satisfactorily where the population feels satisfied with their authorities and public entities
giving optimal results in public policies such as education, health and agriculture.
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